All ingredients comply with EU Regulation 1223/2009 and India CDSCO requirements. No chemical penetration enhancers are present. Rosa Damascena (Rose) Flower Water at position 11 contains geraniol, citronellol, farnesol, and linalool - all designated fragrance allergens under EU Regulation 2023/1545. For leave-on products, individual disclosure is required above 0.01% from 2026. Hydrolyzed Sesame Protein PG-Propyl Methylsilanediol, at position 17, is a silicone-grafted sesame protein conditioning agent. Sesame is a major food allergen, and cross-sensitisation to topical sesame protein hydrolysates has been reported in the scientific literature; anyone with sesame hypersensitivity should avoid this product or patch test carefully. Benzyl Alcohol serves as both a preservative and a fragrance allergen in this leave-on product - its dual role is not communicated on the product page. Niacinamide at 10% can cause a brief flush in a small proportion of people due to prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation; this is transient and not a safety concern.

Niacinamide at position 2 in the INCI confirms 10% concentration (brand-stated), which is the range with the strongest documented evidence for inhibiting melanin transfer from pigment cells into skin cells, and for regulating sebum production. Rice Ferment Filtrate (Sake) has evidence for skin brightening, barrier support, and antioxidant protection through its fermented vitamin and amino acid content. Licorice Root Extract (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) contains glabridin, which inhibits tyrosinase - a complementary brightening mechanism to Niacinamide's melanosome transfer inhibition. Together, these two ingredients address hyperpigmentation from two different directions. Caffeine at position 12 adds anti-inflammatory benefit by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, and provides mild vasoconstriction useful for reducing pore appearance. Squalane and Isodecyl Neopentanoate provide a non-comedogenic, skin-compatible emollient base. Cyclodextrin supports active stabilisation and even delivery. Tocopheryl Acetate (vitamin E) appears late in the INCI, suggesting it is present at a trace rather than primary active concentration.

10% Niacinamide is confirmed by the brand. Full INCI is published on the product page, which is above average practice for the Indian market. No clinical study data has been published for this specific formula. The fragrance allergen content of Rosa Damascena Flower Water - specifically geraniol, citronellol, farnesol, and linalool - is not communicated to consumers in the product description. The allergen potential of the sesame protein hydrolysate is also not flagged on the product page.

Plum is certified 100% vegan and PETA cruelty-free. The brand does not sell into markets requiring mandatory animal testing. Rosa Damascena cultivation is water-intensive and the sourcing region is not specified. Rice by-products (rice water, ferment filtrate) are a positive choice - they make use of agricultural by-products from rice milling rather than dedicated crop production. Hydrogenated Polyisobutene is a synthetic petrochemical polymer. Ethylhexyl Olivate is a natural-derived ester from olive oil.